Employment Rights Act 1996 (2024)

48 Complaints to [F1employment tribunals].E+W+S

(1)An employee may present a complaint to an [F1employment tribunal] that he has been subjected to a detriment in contravention of section [F243M,] 44, 45, [F346, 47 [F4, 47A [F5, 47C [F6, 47E or 47F]]]].

[F7(1ZA)A worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that he has been subjected to a detriment in contravention of section 45A.]

[F8(1A)A worker may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that he has been subjected to a detriment in contravention of section 47B.]

[F9(1B)A person may present a complaint to an employment tribunal that he has been subjected to a detriment in contravention of section 47D.]

(2)On such a complaint it is for the employer to show the ground on which any act, or deliberate failure to act, was done.

(3)An [F1employment tribunal] shall not consider a complaint under this section unless it is presented—

(a)before the end of the period of three months beginning with the date of the act or failure to act to which the complaint relates or, where that act or failure is part of a series of similar acts or failures, the last of them, or

(b)within such further period as the tribunal considers reasonable in a case where it is satisfied that it was not reasonably practicable for the complaint to be presented before the end of that period of three months.

(4)For the purposes of subsection (3)—

(a)where an act extends over a period, the “date of the act” means the last day of that period, and

(b)a deliberate failure to act shall be treated as done when it was decided on;

and, in the absence of evidence establishing the contrary, an employer shall be taken to decide on a failure to act when he does an act inconsistent with doing the failed act or, if he has done no such inconsistent act, when the period expires within which he might reasonably have been expected to do the failed act if it was to be done.

[F10(4A)Section 207A(3) (extension because of mediation in certain European cross-border disputes) applies for the purposes of subsection (3)(a).]

[F11(5)In this section and section 49 any reference to the employer includes, where a person complains that he has been subjected to a detriment in contravention of section 47A, the principal (within the meaning of section 63A(3)).]

Textual Amendments

F1 Words in s. 48(1)(3) and sidenote to s. 48 substituted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8 , s. 1(2)(a)(b) (with s. 16(2) ); S.I. 1998/1658 , art. 2(1) , Sch. 1

F2 Words in s. 48(1) inserted (6.4.2005) by Employment Relations Act 2004 (c. 24) , ss. 40(2) , 59(2)-(4) ; S.I. 2005/872 , arts. 4 , 5 , Sch. (subject to arts. 6-12 )

F3 Words in s. 48(1) substituted (1.9.1999) by 1998 c. 30 , s. 44(1) , Sch. 3 para. 11(a) (with s. 42(8) ); S.I. 1999/987 , art. 2

F4 Words in s. 48(1) substituted (15.12.1999) by 1999 c. 26 , s. 9 , Sch. 4 Pt. III para. 9 ; S.I. 1999/2830 , art. 2(2) , Sch. 1 Pt. II (with Sch. 3 paras. 10 , 11 )

F5 Words in s. 48(1) substituted (6.4.2003) by Employment Act 2002 (c. 22) , s. 53 , Sch. 7 para. 27 ; S.I. 2002/2866 , art. 2(3) , Sch. 1 Pt. 3

F6 Words in s. 48(1) substituted (6.4.2010 for certain purposes and otherwise prosp.) by Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 (c. 22) , ss. 40 , 269(4) , Sch. 1 para. 2 ; S.I. 2010/303 , art. 4 , Sch. 3 (with arts. 8-14 ) (as amended by S.I. 2010/1151 , art. 22 )

F7 S. 48(1ZA) inserted (1.10.1998) by S.I. 1998/1833 , reg. 31(2)

F8 S. 48(1A) inserted (2.7.1999) by 1998 c. 23 , s. 3 ; S.I. 1999/1547 , art. 2

F9 S. 48(1B) inserted (1.9.2002 for certain purposes, otherwise prosp.) by Tax Credits Act 2002 (c. 21) , s. 27 , Sch. 1 para. 1(3) ; S.I. 2002/1727 , art. 2

F10 S. 48(4A) inserted (20.5.2011 with application as mentioned in regs. 3 and 4 of the amending S.I.) by The Cross- Border Mediation (EU Directive) Regulations 2011 (S.I. 2011/1133) , regs. 2 , 34

F11 S. 48(5) inserted (1.9.1999) by 1998 c. 30 , s. 44(1) , Sch. 3 para. 11(b) (with s. 42(8) ); S.I. 1999/987 , art. 2

Modifications etc. (not altering text)

C1 S. 48 applied (4.9.2000) by 1999 c. 26 , s. 12(2) (with ss. 14 , 15 ); S.I. 2000/2242 , art. 2

C2 S. 48 applied (1.10.2006) by The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/1031) , regs. 1(1) , 47 , Sch. 6 para. 13(3) (with regs. 44-46 , Sch. 7 )

C3 S. 48 applied (6.4.2010) by The Employee Study and Training (Procedural Requirements) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/155) , reg. 18(2)

C4 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) (1.11.1998) by 1998 c. 39 , s. 24(2)(a) ; S.I. 1998/2574 , art. 2(1) , Sch. 1

S. 48(2)-(4) extended (with modifications) (5.10.1999) by 1999 c. 10 , ss. 7 , 20(2) , Sch. 3 para. 2(2)(a)

S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) (15.1.2000) by S.I. 1999/3323 , reg. 32(2)(a)

C5 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) (8.10.2004) by The European Public Limited- Liability Company Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/2326) , regs. 1(2) , 45(2)

C6 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications)(6.4.2005) by The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 (S.I. 2004/3426) , regs.1(1) , 33(2) (with reg. 3 )

C7 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (6.4.2006) by The Occupational and Personal Pension Schemes (Consultation by Employers and Miscellaneous Amendment) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/349) , regs. 1(2)(3) , 17 , Sch. para. 8(2)

C8 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (18.8.2006) by The European Cooperative Society (Involvement of Employees) Regulations 2006 (S.I. 2006/2059) , regs. 1(2) , 34(2)

C9 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) (prosp.) by Pensions Act 2008 (c. 30) , ss. 56(2) , 149(1) (with s. 56(3)-(6) )

C10 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) (1.10.2009) by The European Public Limited- Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009 (S.I. 2009/2401) , reg. 32(2) (with reg. 41 )

C11 S. 48(2)-(4) applied (with modifications) (30.6.2012) by Pensions Act 2008 (c. 30) , ss. 56(2) , 149(1) (with s. 56(3)-(6) ); S.I. 2012/1682 , art. 2 , Sch. 2

Employment Rights Act 1996 (2024)

FAQs

What is the Employment Rights Act 1996? ›

This Act covers areas such as unfair dismissal, redundancy payments, protection of wages, zero hour contracts, Sunday working, suspension from work, flexible working and termination of employment.

What is capability under the Employment Rights Act 1996? ›

A dismissal is potentially fair if it “relates to the capability or qualifications of the employee for performing work of the kind which he was employed by the employer to do” (Section 98 (2) (a), ERA 1996). Capability is seen as an employee's “skill, aptitude, health or any other physical or mental quality”.

What is the Employment Rights Act 1996 whistleblowing law? ›

Whistleblowing law is located in the Employment Rights Act 1996 (as amended by the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998). It provides the right for a worker to take a case to an employment tribunal if they have been victimised at work or they have lost their job because they have 'blown the whistle'.

What is 86 of the Employment Rights Act 1996? ›

86 Rights of employer and employee to minimum notice.

(c)is not less than twelve weeks' notice if his period of continuous employment is twelve years or more.

What is Section 3 of the Employment Rights Act 1996? ›

Under section 3 of the Employment Rights Act 1996, the employee must be notified in a written statement (i.e. their contract of employment) what the business' disciplinary procedures are. The contract can therefore set out the disciplinary procedure in full or make reference to where the full procedure can be found.

What are employee rights under US employment laws? ›

Employees have a right to: Not be harassed or discriminated against (treated less favorably) because of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, or gender identity), national origin, disability, age (40 or older) or genetic information (including family medical history).

What is Section 94 of the Employment Rights Act 1996? ›

You have a right not to be unfairly dismissed under section 94 Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA 1996). It is section 94 that gives you the right to sue for unfair dismissal in the Employment Tribunal.

What is Section 87 of the Employment Rights Act 1996? ›

87 Rights of employee in period of notice.

(2)If an employee who has been continuously employed for one month or more gives notice to terminate his contract of employment, the provisions of sections 88 to 91 have effect as respects the liability of the employer for the period of notice required by section 86(2).

Can you be a whistleblower after being fired? ›

Yes. Certain whistleblower laws require the whistleblower to show that they provided non-public information in order to receive a whistleblower award. This requirement leads many prospective whistleblowers to ask whether they can be a whistleblower after being fired. A fired employee can be a whistleblower.

How to prove whistleblower retaliation? ›

Circ*mstantial Evidence Proving Retaliation

indications of pretext; inconsistent application of an employer's policies; an employer's shifting explanations for its actions; antagonism or hostility toward a complainant's protected activity, the falsity of an employer's explanation for the adverse action taken; and.

What is a whistleblower retaliation? ›

Retaliation occurs when an employer (through a manager, supervisor, or administrator) fires an employee or takes any other type of adverse action against an employee for engaging in protected activity.

Is whistle blowing a protected right for employees? ›

Under California Labor Code Section 1102.5, if an employer retaliates against a whistleblower, the employer may be required to reinstate the employee's employment and work benefits, pay lost wages, and take other steps necessary to comply with the law.

What is the whistleblowing policy used for? ›

Aims of the Policy. The Policy is designed to ensure that you can raise your concerns about wrongdoing or malpractice within the Council without fear of victimisation, subsequent discrimination, disadvantage or dismissal.

Does the whistleblower Act protect everyone? ›

Whom do Whistleblower laws protect? Federal whistleblower laws protect Federal employees, former Federal employees, and applicants for Federal employment from retaliation concerning certain protected disclosures.

What is a whistleblower and how are they protected under the law? ›

Whistleblowers perform an important service by reporting what they reasonably believe to be evidence of waste, fraud, abuse, or mismanagement. DHS employees, contractors, subcontractors, grantees, subgrantees, and personal services contractors are protected by law from retaliation for making a protected disclosure.

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