In contemporary computer networking, routers have emerged as significantly pivotal devices. These network hardware devices serve as intersections of data traffic, directing communication over an extensive network of devices. To help you demystify the intricacies of this widely used device, we delve into the specifics, discussing the functions, working principles, architecture, advantages, and disadvantages of routers.
How Does a Router Work?
Routers function as advanced post offices for the internet. When you send or request data, the router reads the "address" of the destination machine and shoots it off into the world wide web. The data is sent as a series of small packets, each bearing the address of where it’s heading.
Data Packet Breakdown
Whenever online activity is initiated - be it sending an email or streaming a video - the information involved is broken down into 'packets.' Each packet, carrying a specific chunk of data, is tagged with a header. This header holds critical information, including the source IP address (where it came from), the destination IP address (where it's going), and the packet's sequence number, among other details.
Packet Direction (Routing)
Having received the data packets, a router then consults its routing table - an efficient data structure that holds details about paths to other networks. The router studies the destination IP address from the packet header, cross-checks it with the routing table, and decides where to send the packets. If the router doesn't recognize the address, it may send the packets to a default pathway. It's worth noting that different packets of data can take separate routes before
reaching the same destination.
Data Packet Transmission and Reassembly
Following the guidance derived from the routing table, the router transmits packets onward towards their destinations. Upon reaching the destination device, these packets undergo reassembly to reconstruct the original data. The sequence numbers in the packet headers ensure accurateness in this rebuilding process, facilitating the deliverance of coherent information to the user.
Collectively, these three mechanisms allow for the smooth and efficient operation of a router, providing internet users with a seamless online communication experience.
